25 Reasons You Owe Your Mother…

1. My mother taught me TO APPRECIATE A JOB WELL DONE. “If you’re going to kill each other, do it outside. I just finished cleaning.”

2. My mother taught me RELIGION. “You better pray that will come out of the carpet.”

3. My mother taught me about TIME TRAVEL. “If you don’t straighten up, I’m going to knock you into the middle of next week!”

4. My mother taught me LOGIC. “Because I said so, that’s why.”

5. My mother taught me MORE LOGIC. “If you fall out of that swing and break your neck, you’re not going to the store with me.”

Climate Change History

Constant Climate Change: 4,000,000,000 years ago

Climate changes come in all sorts and sizes. Over the last few billion years our planet has ranged from being a global snowball to a world so warm that reptiles bathed in the sun in Antarctica, according to the geologic evidence. Life has always played a pivotal role in Earth’s climate, having been both driven to evolve by climate changes and an actual driver of climate change. Among the most important climate players have been those organisms that suck up the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide from the air, deposit its carbon into the ground, and release oxygen into the atmosphere – a.k.a., plants, algae and other photosynthesizers. Over millions of years they enriched the atmosphere with oxygen, making animal life and a cooler world possible. Surprisingly, clay may have also played a big role. According to recent research, special clay minerals — made by soil microbes on land and washed into the seas – acted like “kitty litter” in the seas and absorbed vast quantities of oxygen-consuming organic carbon compounds. The minerals sank to the seafloor with their carbon loads and were buried.

Hothouse to Icehouse: 34,000,000 years ago

The stage was set for today’s climate 34 million years ago when the hothouse climate of the Eocene epoch gave way to the cooler Oligocene epoch, and it has been a cooler, icier planet ever since. The global shift was probably caused by continental drift — the movement of continents, which can rearrange the way air and water flow around the world. During the Eocene reptiles bathed in the sun on the shores of Antarctica. Then, rather rapidly, glaciers in the Antarctic mountains surged towards the sea and overtook the entire landscape. The continent has been locked in ice ever since. Elsewhere on Earth, the cooler global climate has been punctuated by many “interglacial” warm periods. We’re in an interglacial now.

How to Survive: Water Sources

Valuable Water

Almost any environment has water present to some degree.

Note: If you do not have a canteen, cup, can or other type of container, improvise one from plastic or water-resistant cloth. Shape the plastic or cloth into a bowl by pleating it. Use pins or other suitable items — even your hands — to hold the pleats.

If you do not have a reliable source to replenish your water supply, stay alert for ways in which your environment can help you.

On Earth, Evolution Booms in Bursts

AFP

Thr Forest

Dec. 23, 2008 — Life on Earth went from single microscopic cells to blue whales and giant sequoias in 3.5 billion years in two distinct bursts tied to the planet’s geological evolution, according to a new study.

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, goes against the common hypothesis that life slowly evolved from a single-celled organism to complex multi-celled organisms.

“We were surprised to observe that nearly all of the increase in size occurred in two distinct time-intervals,” said Michal Kowalewski, a co-author of the study and professor of geosciences at Virginia Tech.

Tropics Cooled by Volcanic Eruptions

Vulcano Eruption

Dec. 22, 2008 — Volcanic eruptions have periodically cooled the tropics over at least the last 450 years by spewing out particles that girdle the world at high altitude and reflect sunlight, according to a study released Sunday.

The research adds a chunk of regional evidence to earlier work that found major eruptions — such as Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883 and Huaynaputina, Peru, in 1600 — contribute to cooling on a worldwide scale.

The Lab Called Krakatau

By Larry O’Hanlon

Krakatoa erupts, 1883

More than 120 years after it became a household name by blowing itself to smithereens, Krakatau (a.k.a. “Krakatoa”) and its ever-growing replacement, Anak Krakatau, have become persistent sources of scientific discovery.

To geologists and biologists, the new volcano is a rare window into Earth’s mantle and an ongoing natural experiment in catastrophe and resurrection. To tsunami scientists and climate researchers, the 1883 blast is revealing how all killer waves are not created equally and just how much volcanoes effect global climate.

Global Warming: A Primer

By Larry O’Hanlon

In the simplest terms, global warming is just what it sounds like: the worldwide rise in surface temperatures. The National Academy of Science has put the rise at 1 degree F over the course of the 20th century, but measurements from satellites of both land and sea surfaces are showing that the rate of warming is increasing sharply.

It’s more than just surface temperatures that are going up, however. A lot of research into temperature changes in the upper layers of the atmosphere, as well as the deep oceans, is showing warming.

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